The L141 mutation involves an insertion.[35]. The next largest subclade of G-P303 is characterized by the presence of the U1 mutation. Google Scholar. Barac L, Pericic M, Klaric IM et al. In the Near/Middle East, the highest P303 frequency is detected among Palestinians (17.8%), whereas in Europe the frequency does not exceed 6%. Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities. [16] The concentration of G falls below this average in Scandinavia, the westernmost former Soviet republics and Poland, as well as in Iceland and the British Isles. Nonetheless, our approach using high-resolution phylogenetic relationships as well as their phylogeography to infer the possible origin of a genetic variant provides a more plausible deduction than simply the region of highest frequency. We emphasize that our assessments are based solely on contemporary DNA distributions rather than actual prehistoric patterns. Thus inferences regarding migratory histories must be viewed cautiously, as diversities may have changed over the time spans discussed. The final major subclade is characterized by presence of the SNP Z1903 and by a value of 9 at marker DYS568. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 873882. There are multiple SNPs which so far have the same coverage as P15. Achilli A, Olivieri A, Pala M et al. In the Americas, the percentage of haplogroup G corresponds to the numbers of persons from Old World countries who emigrated. Eur J Hum Genet 20, 12751282 (2012). New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. Among Turkish males 11% of the population is G.[6] In Iran, Haplogroup G reaches 13 to 15% of the population in various parts of the country. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 788788. We estimate that the geographic origin of hg G plausibly locates somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. Vernesi C, Caramelli D, Dupanloup I et al. Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. Age PubMedGoogle Scholar. Correspondence to To obtain The SNP L497 encompasses these men, but most G-L497 men belong to its subclade G-Z725, also known as G-DYS388=13. However, interpretations based on simple haplogroup frequency clines do not recognize underlying patterns of genetic diversification. The discovery of new SNPs can result in assignment of new names to haplogroup categories. Because M201 was identified first, it is the standard SNP test used when testing for G persons. [2], In 2012, a paper by Siiri Rootsi et al. The most recent study (2010) estimates the common ancestor of all men in haplogroup G lived in Asia about 17,000 years ago, and the ancestor of the G2 subgroup lived about 15,000 years ago. L2b1a. The 96 populations were collapsed into 50 regionally defined populations by excluding populations where the total G count was less than n=5. The presence of M527 in Provence, southern Italy and Ukraine may reflect subsequent Greek maritime Iron Age colonization events16 and perhaps, given its appearance among the Druze and Palestinians, even episodes associated with the enigmatic marauding Sea Peoples.42. Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates. The G-M286 subclade (M286+) is small compared with G-L91. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK. The hg G2a3b1c-L497 sub-cluster, on the other hand, has so far been found essentially in European populations and therefore is probably autochthonous to Europe. PLoS One 2009; 4: e5792. The haplogroup G mutation developed about 21,000 to 14,000 years ago. This is not surprising, as clines are not expected in cases of sharp changes in haplogroup frequency over a relatively small distance such as those observed for hg G, for instance between the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. [24] Haplogroup G-M201 is believed to have been relatively absent during Neolithic India; the frequencies of the G2a-P15 subclade for example was negligible in indigenous Indian populations. In other words, these mutations are so unique that they could only come from other cells with the same mutations. His male-line descendants appear to remained rooted in the region for tens of thousands of years while the Ice Age was in full swing. The overall coalescent age estimate (Supplementary Table S4) for P303 is 12600 years ago. Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape: inference from Y-chromosome and mtDNA genotypes. Looking still more closely at the distribution of P303 sub-clades, some distinct patterns emerge in the network (Figure 4). Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe. G-M201 is most commonly found among various ethnic groups of the Caucasus, but is also widely distributed at low frequencies among ethnic groups throughout Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and North Africa . Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure. While it is found in percentages higher than 10% among the Bakhtiari, Talysh people, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Iranian Azeris, it is closer to 5% among the Iranian Arabs and in some large cities. The M201 SNP mutation that characterizes haplogroup G was identified at Stanford University and was first reported in 2001. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) maintains the most up-to-date consensus version of haplogroup categories. Behar DM, Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M et al. Mitochondrial DNA variation of modern Tuscans supports the near eastern origin of Etruscans. G2a2b2a is also found in India. The P303 SNP defines the most frequent and widespread G sub-haplogroup. suggested that: "We estimate that the geographic origin of haplogroup G plausibly locates somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. CAS Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17: 820830. Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians. While neither knowledge of paleo-climate, archeology or genetic evidence from a single locus using modern populations provides an unimpeachable microcosm of pre-historical expansions, considering them together cautiously provides a contextual framework for discussion. Evolutionary Biology Group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia, Siiri Rootsi,Mari Jrve,Ildus Kutuev,Krt Varendi,Hovhannes Sahakyan,Doron M Behar,Alena Kushniarevich&Richard Villems, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia, Ildus Kutuev,Elza K Khusnutdinova&Rita Khusainova, Departamento de Gentica, Facultad de Biologa, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, Human Genetics Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia, Hovhannes Sahakyan,Levon Yepiskoposyan&Ardeshir Bahmanimehr, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia, Immunology department, Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie L. The Caucasus as an asymmetric semipermeable barrier to ancient human migrations. Although the low frequency of hg G1-M285 makes it impractical to justify displaying a spatial frequency map, it is found (Supplementary Table S1) in the Near/Middle East including Anatolia, the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf region, as well as Iran and the South Caucasus (mostly Armenians). Haplogroup G (M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 22682270. Population codes: Baltics (Blt), Belarusians (Blr), Poles (Pol), Ukrainians (Ukr), northern Russians (NRu), southern and central Russians (SRu), Circum-Uralic (CUr), Germans (Ger), Central Europeans (CE), Iberians (Ibr), French (Fra), Sardinians (Srd), Corsica (Cor), Sicilians (Sic), Italians (Ita), Switzerlands (Swi), Western Balkans (WB), Romanians (Rmn), Bulgarians (Bul), Crete (Crt), Greeks (Grc), Anatolian Greeks (AG), Egyptians (Egy), Near/Middle Easterners (ME), Ashkenazi Jews (AJ), Sephardic Jews (SJ), Arabian Peninsula (AP), Palestinians (Pal), Druze (Drz), Western Turks (WTu), Central Turks (CTu), Eastern Turks (ETu), Iranians (Irn), Abkhazians (Abh), Armenians (Arm), Georgians (Grg), South Ossetians (SOs), Iranian Azeris (Azr), Abazins (Aba), Adyghes (Ady), Balkars (Blk), Cherkessians (Crk), Kabardins (Kab), Karachays (Kar), Kuban Nogays (Nog), North Ossetians (NOs), Chamalals (Cha), Ingushes (Ing), Kumyks (Kum), Central Asians (CA), Pakistani (Pak). Also for P15* and L91 lineages Td estimates, DYS19 was excluded owing to duplications in these lineages.36. It remains to be seen if testing will reveal G-M377 haplotypes in other populations this is some indication that G-M377 occurs at low levels in the Near East. On the other hand, G2a3-M485-associated lineages, or more precisely its G2a3b-P303-derived branch, represent the most common assemblage, whereas the paraphyletic G2a3-M485* lineages display overall low occurrence in the Near/Middle East, Europe and the Caucasus. Even more G SNPs were identified in 2009 to 2012 leading to more changes. The Etruscans: a population-genetic study. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72: 313332. [44] The "U" SNPs were identified in 2006 but not published until 2009.[45]. Circles represent microsatellite haplotypes, the areas of the circles and sectors are proportional to haplotype frequency (smallest circle corresponds to one individual) and the geographic area is indicated by color. Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Although hg G1 frequency distribution, overall, extends further eastward as far as Central Asian Kazakhs (present even among Altaian Kazakhs38 with identical STR haplotypes compared with the main Kazakh population), it is virtually absent in Europe. ), Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. Spatial frequency maps for sub-clades (panels bf) were obtained by applying the frequencies from Supplementary Table S1 using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc.), following the kriging algorithm with option to use bodies of water as breaklines. So far all G2a1 persons have a value of 10 at STR marker DYS392. In the Tirol (Tyrol) of western Austria, the percentage of G-M201 can reach 40% or more; perhaps the most famous example is the ancient remains of the so-called "Iceman", tzi. The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_G-M201&oldid=1139571590, Articles with dead external links from January 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from April 2022, Articles with spreadsheet file bare URLs for citations, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with self-published sources from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2021, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, M201, PF2957, L116, L154, L204, L240, L269, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, L769, L770, L836, L837, M201, P257/U6, Page94/U17, U2, U3, U7, U12, U20, U21, U23, U33, Other males purported to be members of Haplogroup G include: German-American pioneer and soldier, This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 20:17. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Digora, North Ossetia has the highest known concentration of G in a single city, as 74% of the tested men were G.[14] Haplogroup G is found as far east as northern China in small percentages where G can reach more substantial percentages in minority groups such as the Uyghurs. Its age is between 7,700 and . Mitochondrial haplogroup N is a "Macro-haplogroup", also called a "Superhaplogroup." All humans who left Africa descended from mtDNA haplogroup L3, and that ancient lineage soon gave rise to two great daughter families, M and N, which, in turn, became the mothers of billions. The Turkish G-M377 is somewhat closer, but not identical. Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. [7], (Subclades here conform to the Y-DNA SNP definitions used by ISOGG In 2012, several categories found only in one man in research studies were removed from the ISOGG tree causing some renaming. Another frequent sub-clade of the G2a3-M485 lineage is G2a3a-M406 (Figure 2e). These two reported Pakistani G-M377 haplotypes are quite divergent from the Ashkenazi Jewish clade, and therefore do not at all indicate a recent common origin. A subset of 693 samples was typed for short tandem repeats of Y-chromosome (Y-STRs) using the 17 STR markers in the Applied Biosystems AmpFlSTR Yfiler Kit according to manufacturer recommendations. Almost all haplogroup G1 persons have the value of 12 at short tandem repeat (STR) marker DYS392 and all will have the M285 or M342 SNP mutation which characterizes this group. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, European Journal of Human Genetics (2021), European Journal of Human Genetics (2020), European Journal of Human Genetics (Eur J Hum Genet) Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M et al. [25], In the Middle East, haplogroup G accounts for about 3% of the population in almost all areas. Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events. [4], Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. They arewith accompanying Y-chromosome locationsU5 (rs2178500), L149 (8486380) and L31 (also called S149) (rs35617575..12538148). There were only a few G categories until 2008 when major revisions to categories were made. The mutations involved may be complicated and difficult to interpret. Y-DNA haplogroups are useful to determine whether two apparently unrelated individuals sharing the same surname do indeed descend from a common ancestor in a not too distant past (3 to 20 generations). PLoS Biol 2010; 8: e1000536. Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Variation Provides Evidence for a Recent Common Ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaians. Haplogroup L2b1a is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. PLoS One 2011; 6: e20232. Marie Lacan, Christine Keyser, Franois-Xavier Ricaut, Nicolas Brucato, Francis Duranthon, Jean Guilaine, Eric Crubzy, and Bertrand Ludes, Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. There are seeming pockets of unusual concentrations within Europe. K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. There are additional subclades of DYS388=13 men characterized by the presence of specific SNPs or uncommon STR marker oddities. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Name: G-L14 Age: 7800 ybp 1700 CI 95% Expansion: 5200 ybp 1900 CI 95% Parent: G-L1 Note: This information does not imply an endorcement of YFull or their methods. Amongst the Madjars, G1 was found at a rate of 87%. Included within G-L91 are some men with double values for STR marker DYS19, but there are also G2a2 men with this finding who are not L91+. It has been found in Mexican mestizos. The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. [38][self-published source?] Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic. Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus. (Behar et al., 2012b) Origin Most researchers consider the birthplace of G to have been born in East Asia. Science 2000; 290: 11551159. G2a3a-M406 has a modest presence in Thessaly and the Peloponnese (4%),10 areas of the initial Greek Neolithic settlements. PubMed The fragments were run on the ABI PRISM 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4). The British samples have inconsistent double values for STR marker DYS19 in many cases. Origin. In 2009-10, Family Tree DNA's Walk through the Y Project, sequencing certain Y-chromosome segments, provided a number of new G SNPs with the L designation. Encyclopedia of mtDNA Origins - Discover your maternal lineage. You belong to a subgroup of haplogroup G (G-M201), The Caucasus Mountaineers, and your oldest. It was then learned that several subclades belong under L223, including: G-L91 was identified in 2009. It is notable that tzi the 5300-year-old Alpine mummy was derived for the L91 SNP and his autosomal affinity was nearest to modern Sardinians.28, The G2a2-M286 lineage is very rare, so far detected only in some individuals in Anatolia and the South Caucasus. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF : New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. Similarly, G-P16 and G-M377 networks were created using 104 P16-derived 19-locus haplotypes and 61G-M377-derived 9-locus haplotypes, with both groups representing European, Near/Middle Eastern and central/west Asian populations. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Although no basal G-M201* chromosomes were detected in our data set, the homeland of this haplogroup has been estimated to be somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran, the only areas characterized by the co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood. L141 persons who do not belong to any L141 subclade so far have the value of 11 at STR marker DYS490 a finding rare in other G categories. Its chromosome location listed as 21653414. Several G-PF3359 subclades, based on shared STR markers, probably exist. Should any man with the P15 mutation test negative (ancestral) for any of these or vice versa, that finding would be the basis of a new G2a category. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16: 374386. ISSN 1018-4813 (print), Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus, Subdividing Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a1 reveals Norse Viking dispersal lineages in Britain, Phylogenetic analysis of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C2b-F1067, a dominant paternal lineage in Eastern Eurasia, Y-chromosomal connection between Hungarians and geographically distant populations of the Ural Mountain region and West Siberia, Origin and diffusion of human Y chromosome haplogroup J1-M267, Bidirectional dispersals during the peopling of the North American Arctic, The role of matrilineality in shaping patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA sequence variation in southwestern Angola, Ancient human mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Bulgaria: new insights into the genetic history of Thracians, Medieval Super-Grandfather founder of Western Kazakh Clans from Haplogroup C2a1a2-M48, Early medieval genetic data from Ural region evaluated in the light of archaeological evidence of ancient Hungarians, http://harpending.humanevo.utah.edu/popstr/, Population genetic study of 17 Y-STR Loci of the Sorani Kurds in the Province of Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, Phylogenetic history of patrilineages rare in northern and eastern Europe from large-scale re-sequencing of human Y-chromosomes, Sex-biased patterns shaped the genetic history of Roma, Middle eastern genetic legacy in the paternal and maternal gene pools of Chuetas, Cancel Geographic spread patterns of the P303-derived groups defined by L497, U1 and P15(xP303)-derived P16 and M406 lineages, all of which achieve a peak frequency of at least 10%, are presented in Figures 2bf, respectively. In the Russian North Caucasus the Kabardinian and Ossetian populations are also notable for high rates of G-M201.